Computer Fundamental Notes

Key Concepts Simplified

1. Input Devices

• Input devices allow users to interact with computers. Common types include:
  • Scanners, Cameras, Joysticks, Touch Pads, Trackballs, Light Pens, and Barcode Readers.
  • MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Readers): Widely used in banking, especially for marking answer sheets.
  • Biometric Devices: Ensure secure authentication by analyzing physical characteristics.
  • Bluetooth Technology: Facilitates wireless communication between devices for data transfer.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU is the heart of the computer, managing all operations and device communication.
  • Performs arithmetic calculations and executes program instructions to process data efficiently.

3. Output Devices

• Output devices present information to users in visual, printed, or graphical formats, such as:
  • Printers for hard copies and Graphics Cards for display output.
  • Memory Slots are essential for expanding your computer’s storage capabilities.

4. Software

• Software is a set of instructions that directs the computer to perform specific tasks. It is divided into:
  • System Software: Includes operating systems like Windows, Unix/Linux, and utilities for system maintenance.
  • Application Software: Includes general-purpose software like Microsoft Office and specialized software like SAGE for accounting.

5. Computer Programming Languages

• Programming languages are categorized into:
  • Low-Level Languages:
    • Machine Language: The most basic language, directly executed by the CPU.
    • Assembly Language: Simplifies machine language instructions with human-readable names.
  • High-Level Languages:
    • User-friendly languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and C, which require translation into machine code via assemblers or compilers.

6. Minicomputers vs. Microcomputers

• Minicomputers: Serve 4 to 200 users, typically used in mid-range computing environments.
• Microcomputers: Include desktops, laptops, and palmtops for personal and business use.

7. Booting Process

• Booting loads the operating system into memory, and there are two types:
  • Cold Booting: Powering on the system from an off state.
  • Warm Booting: Restarting the system without powering it off completely.

8. Basic Computer Operations

• To start or shut down a computer:
  • Use the power switch, manage open windows, and follow the shutdown prompts from the operating system.

9. Computer Literacy Quiz Insights

• Keyboard: Is an input device, not an output device.
• Modem: Acts as both an input and output device for data transmission.
• Operating System: Classified as system software, essential for managing computer hardware and software resources.
• 1 Megabyte: Equals 1024 kilobytes, a key measure of storage capacity.
• Printer Resolution: Measured in dots per inch (DPI), affecting the print quality.
• Computer Brands: Differences in brands like IBM and Apple can impact compatibility and performance.